Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
- The Open Access Proceedings Series for Conferences
Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
Vol. 47, 03 April 2024
Open
Access | Article
Transformation of Modern Chinese Maritime Strategy: A Study on Zheng Guanying’s Maritime Defense Thought and Practice
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
In the mid-19th century, the Qing Dynasty faced continuous internal and external challenges, leading to a severe crisis in governance. Geographically, China is a typical “maritime-continental composite” country, and its extensive coastline poses a significant challenge to maritime security. However, after several invasions by foreign powers from the sea, the already weak late Qing maritime defense rapidly deteriorated. Numerous intellectuals dedicated themselves to the pursuit of strong maritime power and comprehensive maritime defense, among whom Zheng Guanying was prominent. As one of the pioneers of modernization reforms, Zheng Guanying had a deep understanding of the Qing court’s maritime defense work. His long-term engagement in the self-strengthening movement enabled him to absorb various experiences in maritime defense from both domestic and foreign sources, thereby forming a complete and systematic maritime defense ideology through continuous practice. qq It possesses significant relevance even today.
Keywords
Zheng Guanying, maritime power, maritime defense, modernization, late Qing
References
1. Qi, S., et al. (Eds.). (1978). The Opium Wars (Vol. 4). Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
2. Liu, C., & Zhang, X. (2012). Constructing Maritime Defense Strategy Urgently Needed in China Under New Circumstances. Pacific Journal, 5.
3. Zhou, Y. (2004). Research on Late Qing Maritime Defense Thought (Doctoral dissertation, Northwest University); Wang, H. (2005). Research on Late Qing Maritime Defense Thought and System. Beijing: Commercial Press; Sun, T. (2004). On the National Defense Thought of Early Reformists (Master’s thesis, Hebei Normal University).
4. Xia, D. (1981). Biography of Zheng Guanying. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press.
5. Li, Y., & Zhang, B. (1999). A Brief Discussion on Zheng Guanying’s Defense Thought. Anhui Journal of Education, 3; Tan, R. (2004). A Preliminary Study on Zheng Guanying’s Defense Thought. Journal of Wuyi University, 3.
6. Li, W., & Chen, Q. (2000). On Zheng Guanying’s Maritime Defense Thought. Journal of South China University of Technology, 1.
7. Xia, D. (Ed.). (1982). Collected Works of Zheng Guanying (Vol. 1). Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
8. Li, S. Shang Shenxianguo’s Book. Western Journal, 8.
9. Li, H. Planning for Coastal Defense. In Complete Works of Li Wenzhong (Vol. 24). Nanjing: End of the Guangxu Period Edition.
10. Zhang, X., et al. (Eds.). (1982). Historical Materials of the Late Qing Navy. Beijing: Ocean Press.
11. Sima, G. (2009). Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government (Vol. 206). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
12. Zisi. (2011). Doctrine of the Mean (Chapter 20). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
13. Editorial Group of the Series of Modern Chinese History. (1973). The Westernization Movement (Vol. 6). Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
14. Jia, Z., et al. (Eds.). (2008). The Beginning and End of Managing Barbarians (Qing Dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, Vol. 47.
15. Editorial Group of the Series of Modern Chinese History. (1972). The Sino-French War (Vol. 1). Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
16. Chen, X., & Chen, Z. (2017). The Art of War by Sun Tzu. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open Access Instruction).
- Volume Title
- Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Psychology and Humanity Studies
- ISBN (Print)
- 978-1-83558-367-8
- ISBN (Online)
- 978-1-83558-368-5
- Published Date
- 03 April 2024
- Series
- Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
- ISSN (Print)
- 2753-7048
- ISSN (Online)
- 2753-7056
- DOI
- 10.54254/2753-7048/47/20240973
- Copyright
- 03 April 2024
- Open Access
- This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited